Reflection Essay Example

Reflection Essay The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the contribution of reflective practice for clinical nursing. Reflection has been defined as a way for individuals to â€Å"capture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate† (Boud et al 1985: 19) Argyris and Schon (1974) suggest that practitioners often practice at less than effective levels because they follow routine. Johns (1995) implies that action can be taken through reflection to increase effectiveness in practice as reflection provides opportunities for self development as professionals and individuals (Hinchliff et al. 1993). Bishop and Scott (2001) believe Clinical nursing is fundamental to nursing practice, that it provides expertise that are used to bring high quality care to patient’s that is not likely to be provided by a lay person. During this assignment I will discuss Christopher Johns model of structured reflection and Donald Schon’s model of reflection on and in action and his coac hing theory and other methods that contribute to the reflecting process. I will identify how the models then relate to clinical practice and how nursing has changed. Carper (1978) Identified that as individuals have different ways of thinking and knowledge differentiates it is some times helpful to refer to a framework to assist reflection. Johns et al    (2002)    built on Carper’s theory and constructed a model for structured reflection. His model has a series of cue’s that are set out in a logical order which prompt progression of thought and reflecting to be explored. (Johns 2000) This model is used for analysis of critical incidents as well as more general experiences. Over a period of time Johns has continually tested the adequacy of his model and has developed it. Similar to Johns model is The reflective Cycle (Gibbs 1988). This model guides the practitioner through the cycle which encourages the practitioner to describe a situation, analyse their feelings, evaluate experiences, and consider other options and what they would do if the situation arose again. (Palmer et al 1994) Both Johns and Gibbs models are forms of guided reflection. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This form of reflection helps the reflector to go into more detail and pushes the practitioner to critically evaluate their practice. Bulman and Schutz (2004) acknowledge that critical analysis is a key skill in reflective practice as it allows practitioners to identify strengths as well as weaknesses. This type of reflection is beneficial for clinical nurses as it gives them structure ti their thinking and can guide them through a thoughtful process to achieve higher levels of reflection. Schon built a theory of reflection on and in action. Reflection in action is a process to help you influence what you are working on, while you are working on it. He also strongly believes that when in practice practitioners can learn from the experts around them through the artistry of coaching. Reflection on action is a retrospective process to help you reflect on things you have already done usually involving a critical incident, examining it to find new understanding of the incident and what can be done differently to improve practice. Although Schon considered reflection on action a useful tool for practitioners he concentrated on the theory of Reflection in action. Where education can combine teaching of applied science with coaching to equip professionals with the skills and knowledge within the realities of practice. (Schon 1987). Eraut (1994) criticizes Schons work, as Schon bases a large emphasis on Coaching from professionals. Eraut points out that not all professional practitioners make good coaches as while In action they are transferring expertise with no supporting evidence. Eraut goes on to suggest that that Schons reflection on action is less problematic and that one can extend their knowledge base more effectively by reflecting after an action has occurred. Johns model is more theory based and requires more questions to be self answered and evaluated, where as Schons model has a larger emphasis on learning from the environment and the experts around them through coaching. Nursing has changed over the years from a period where nurses were subordinate to physicians and they weren’t able to have an input of there own concerns. By law and custom nurses are subordinate to physicians. At the same time, it captures the nurse’s critical role in executing the physicians work. † (Melosh, B. 1982, p. 7) As time moved on The United Kingdom Central Council (UKCC) published the document The Scope of Professional practice. Scope allows nurses to undertake new roles and enables them to take on responsibilities beyond the traditional boundaries tha t no longer than 20 years ago, still existed. Clinical nurses now have a more pro active role that enables them to work autonomously giving them higher responsibility. UKCC 2000) (1992). Jowett et al (1999) found that the impact of scope on practitioners was considerable as they were now exploring the principals of scope and what effects this might have on their practice. Boud and Walker (1991) believe that people need to be able to learn from their experience in order to accept positions of responsibility. Seeing that nurses are taking on a more hands on approach, reflecting in clinical practice enables practitioners to increase self-awareness, initiative, proactivity and personal responsibility for learning and development. As Palmer et al (1994) points out, some times nurses have to make decisions in a patients best interest and may have to deviate from a protocol in some way. This is where Schons reflection in and on action would prove useful. This would show that practitioners are using evidence based clinical nursing to gain a higher standard of awareness of how to tend to the needs of the individual patient, empowering them to link their theory to practice through reflection. Bulman and Schutz (2004) believe to achieve a satisfactory out come from reflection, the skill of synthesis is highly significant. Synthesis enables clinical nurses, after reflection, to integrate new knowledge, feelings and attitudes with previous knowledge and to devise an action or outcome from their reflection. This may be an action plan, something that needs to change or stay the same. Synthesis involves making decisions based on new ideas but linking them to past beliefs and values. While reflection is perceived to play an important role in the development of effective clinical nursing, there is lack of evidence to prove that engaging in reflective practice actually changes or in any way benefits clinical nursing practice. Andrews et al. 1998) Improvement in clinical practice is clearly the aim of reflection, this is why authors such as Jordan (1988) and Boud et al (1985) have highlighted the need for evaluation strategies. Throughout this assignment it has been exposed that there are models available to guide practitioners through reflective practice. There has been an emphasis based on the need for criti cal analysis and the need for synthesis after reflection. Both of these are critical to reflective clinical practice to achieve satisfactory outcome. It has been brought to attention that Clinical practice has progressed over the years from a medically led, task orientated job, to an autonomous, reflective, proactive profession. The contribution of reflective practice has played a major part in this progression, as nurses are learning and building a wider knowledge base. Clinical nurses are there fore able to identify areas of strength and weakness within their practice through reflection and interventions can be made to ensure the highest levels of clinical nursing are being obtained. References Argyris, C. and Schon, D. (1974) Theory in Practice. Jossey Bass, San Francisco. Bishop, V and Scott, I (2001) Challenges in clinical practice: Professional developments in nursing. Palgrave. Basingstoke. Boud, D. , Keogh, R and Walker, D. (1985) Promoting reflection in learning: A model in reflection. Pg 19. Kogan Page. London. Boud, D. amp; Walker, D. (1991) Experience and Learning: Reflection at Work, Geelong, Victoria, Deakin University Book Production Unit. Bulman, C. and Schutz, S. (2004). Reflective practice in nursing. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford. Eraut, M. (1994) Developing professional knowledge and competence. Falmer Press. London. Hinchliff, S. M. , Norman, S. E. , Schober, J. E. (1993) Nursing practice and health care. 2nd Ed. Edward Arnold. London. Johns, C. (1995) Framing learning through reflection within Carper’s ways of knowing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22: 226-34 Johns, C. (2000) Becoming a reflective practitioner. A reflective a nd holistic approach to clinical nursing, practice development and clinical supervision. Blackwell Science. Oxford. Johns, C. (2002) Guided Reflection: Advancing Practice. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford. Jowett, s. , Peters, M. and Wilson-Barnett, J. (1999) The impact of scope – practitioners views on its relevance and potential for service development. Nursing Times Research. 4 (6): 422-31 Melosh, B. (1983). The Physicians Hand Work culture and conflict in American nursing. Philadelphia, Temple University Press, Palmer, A. Burns, S and Bulman, C (1994) Reflective practice in nursing: the growth of the professional practitioner. Blackwell scientific publications. Oxford. Schon, D. A. (1987) Educating the reflective practitioner. Jossey Bass, San Francisco. UKCC. (1992) The United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing. The Scope of Professional practice UKCC. London NHS. Teaching Primary Care Trust. NMC http://www. brentpct. nhs. uk/doxpixandgragix/NP03SCOPEOFPROFESSIONALNUR. pdf. Accessed 04/12/2007 UKCC. (2000) Nursing And Midwifery Council: Perceptions of the scope of Professional practice. http://www. nmc-uk. org/(xsnqskjdq2e5yg55qwq12555)/aFrameDisplay. aspx? DocumentID=659. Accessed 04/12/2007

Essay Sample on Young Women and Smoking The Increasing Numbers

Essay Sample on Young Women and Smoking The Increasing Numbers Young Women and Smoking Essay: The number of young women who smoke has significantly increased over time. As Alkhamees states, more than a third of female students in high schools smoke at least a cigarette in month†. Alkhamees, in his article: â€Å"Young Women and Smoking† explores the reason as to why young women smoke and also provide the possible remedies to help curb the situation. I strongly agree with the writer that the number of young women who smoke has increased. The purpose of this paper is to confirm the causes of smoking among young women and the possible solutions to help managing alarming situation. As Alkhamees suggests, celebrities have greatly had a negative influence on personalities and health of their fans. Superstars including Kate Moss and Amy Winehouse have publicly taken insane amount of drugs without caring the impact it had on the society. Movie stars light up cigarettes in almost each movie. According to a survey conducted by Teen Link magazine, nearly 88% to 92% of the top thirty movie hits on the box office ratings have been involved in tobacco use. What these celebrities fail to understand is that these movies are watched by many people around the world and therefore, the media greatly participates in defining what people in a given region do or consider right or wrong. Some teenage girls lay their hands on tobacco when dealing with stress and eventually ended up being addicted to it. According to results obtained by health Canada, there is a direct relationship between smoking and stress. As observed by Alkhamees, when women celebrities are faced with stressful moments, they regularly smoke to relieve themselves of the stress. Teenagers have consequently learned from the habit and may want to try it out. According to Alkhamees, celebrities should learn to be ethical by rethinking about the impact of their actions in the movies. Pop music icons should support drug free programs instead of propagating use of tobacco. Organisations like Nacada have significantly informed the public through the media on the dangers of smoking and other malpractices. It could even be more effective if the celebrities or models are used as anti-drug images or campaigners. However, there are more reasons as to why teenage girls or generally young women smoke, the globally held notion of smoking to lose weight has additionally led to addiction. Considering America, where all girls want to be slim, many of young girls would smoke to get slim. According to Dr. Van De Graff, smoking among young women can be reduced through the following additional methods. Dr. van de Graff warns young girls to be very careful when choosing their boyfriends. This is because in most cases, it has been reported that males are common at introducing females to smoking. Others include working extremely hard to maintain or up hold one’s personality and seeking advice. Conclusion Female celebrities have contributed to the indulgence of young women in smoking. These celebrities are in a better position to reach people and therefore should use their popularity to help the community by campaigning against smoking and use of other drugs. Young women too need to be careful on their part by keeping themselves busy from any activities which could lead them to smoke or use other drugs. However, the current trend in smoking among women makes it difficult to control or manage the increasing number of young women smokers.

Sodium chloride is a very important compound. state the propertied of Essay

Sodium chloride is a very important compound. state the propertied of it and discuss the many products made from it - Essay Example Let us consider each of these aspects in a detailed manner. Salt was used even before the pre-historic period. Animals used to get salt from the various sources in nature and primitive man got his requirement of salt from animal meat. When he turned a cultivator, he found that some salt sources (like sea water) gave his vegetables the salty taste that he used to get on meat (as cited in http://www.saltsense.co.uk/history01.htm). Later on he learned how salt helped to preserve meat, cure hides and heal wounds. About 4,700 years ago, the Chinese Png-tzao-kan-mu, one of the earliest known writings recorded more than 40 types of salt (as cited in http://www.saltsense.co.uk/history02.htm). In the British aisles, there have been traces of inland brines from where ancient man made salt. Archaeological evidence is leading to Bronze Age to this age old practice. â€Å"We even know the names of a few of the Roman saltmakers. These are inscribed on some of the lead pans - Viventius, Veluvius and Cunitus. Complete Roman salt pans are in the Salt Museum and at Nantwich Museum. The leaden pans were roughly 90-100cm square by 15cm deep.Roman soldiers were partly paid in salt. It is said to be from this that we get the word soldier - sal dare, meaning to give salt. From the same source we get the word salary, salarium† (as cited in http://www.saltsense.co.uk/history04.htm). â€Å"Salt is widely distributed in nature. It is found in solution in ocean water in concentrations of about 30 g/liter (about 4.08 oz/gallons) of water, meaning that salt makes up about 3 percent of ocean water by weight. The compound is also distributed throughout many rivers and inland lakes and seas, the concentration varying from 0.002 percent in Mississipi River to 12 percent in the  Great Salt Lake. Salt can occur as a surface crust or layer in swamps and dry lake bottoms, especially in extremely arid regions. The mineral  halite, more commonly known as  rock salt  or  massive

Jazz age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jazz age - Research Paper Example While the Jazz age was much influential even in the later years, much of this influence was affected by the great depression in the 1930s. It is however, imperative to emphasize that Jazz music did not really begin in the 1920s but earlier on. The twenties only served as a period when new experiments were conducted and many styles were discovered with respect to the Jazz culture. Real jazz music was born in 1895 as a mixture of Blues and band music which played by African Americans and Creoles in New Orleans. This music was basically played on the old U.S Army music instruments like the marching drums of the cornet. It was basically a matter of improvisation given that most musicians of the day could not read music. Gradually, some white men noticed the popularity of this new trend and became interested. As a result many white people began playing jazz (Barrett, 45). Consequently, there was a fusion of the African and European music which blended to give jazz a new style from which a new culture sprang. Many of the white performers were used to make the culture much popular across the United States (Baraka, 25). The jazz music culture was soon taken over by the white middle class Americans and cities like Chicago and New York became canters for jazz music and culture. The growth and development of the radio industry was further instrumental in encouraging the growth of this culture. The numerous radio stations that sprang up around 1920 made it possible for many Americans to experience many kinds of music without the need to visit clubs. Many radio shows such as â€Å"potter palm† enhanced the popularity of jazz music and many people became fans (Barrett, 51). Armature concerts and other jazz performances were common in cities like Chicago. Originally, many African Americans got little airplay as many of the stations and clubs preferred the white jazz musicians (Shaw, 65). However, as the music became popular, artists like Louis Armstrong received much a irtime and many big bands were formed. Much of the influence of the jazz music was realized in the 1920s when majority of the youth went against the traditional lifestyle and adopted new ways. The traditional culture was slowly washed away amongst the youth through dressing and other mannerisms. The bold fashion statements (flappers) and new radio concerts were part of the rebellion realized amongst the youth (Barrett, 32). New styles of dancing like the Charleston were introduced by the African Americans and became very popular amongst the younger generations. Many of the youth began to make their hair in strange new ways while also donning sliver and golden slippers. In the same way, the women were not immune from this new wave that took over many of the youth. While there was indeed a lot of opposition from mothers and fathers on the new trend and how they thought it was affecting society, the peak of the women suffrage in the twenties coupled with the introduction of the flapper gave women much liberty to adopt the new culture. The happenings of the First World War led to many women joining the work force and this gave them many possibilities in relation to social life. Many people further advocated for equality and free sexuality and many female musicians emerged. Women musicians like Janis Joplin and Billie Holiday became very popular jazz musicians and were mostly inspired by Bessie Smith who had earlier became famous (Fitzgerald, 89). Nevertheless, there was

Market Shares of PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Nestle Case Study - 17

Market Shares of PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Nestle - Case Study Example One, it is able to paint a picture of where the industry is, and where the company is versus competitors. In competitor analyses, market shares allow a firm to size up what the strategies of competitors are, and what the company needs to do in order to compete well with major players. Volume market shares also allow a company to be able to glean where the industry is headed if the company is making progress in increasing shares and profits, and similar other insights. Management can also keep track of how strategies affect the market performance of products and brands through tracking changes in market share by volume among other things (Czepiel and Karin, n.d.; NetMBA, 2010; Chen, 1996).   In marketing, similarly, volume market shares information allow for situating brands and products within such context, to better track how well marketing programs work in terms of improving the prospects and performance of such brands. Where market shares deteriorate, for instance, that is a sign that marketing strategies are not working, and/or that competitors are crafting and executing well on better marketing and business strategies (Czepiel and Karin, n.d.; NetMBA, 2010; Chen, 1996).   If total revenues were$15.6 billion in 2006, then one market share point out of 100 equals $156 million in 2006. Given that total industry revenues will go up by 48.5 percent by 2011, total revenues by that time will be $23.166 billion. This translates to 2011 per market share point dollar equivalent of $231.66 million   This information is relevant in marketing, because for one, data on per market share point revenues over time, with the projections for 2011 included, allow for marketers to get a snapshot of how much the market will grow over time, and how fast the growth is.

Change management models and processes

Change management models and processes I) Three major model of change: 1) Lewins Change Model 2) McKinsey 7-S Change Model Let go through these each model in brief†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1) Lewins change model: Kurt Lewin projected a three stage theory of change generally referred to as Unfreeze, Change, and Freeze. Stage 1: The first stage of Lewins change model is unfreeze, the stage is about being prepared for change, the model is trying to show that change is essential ,and we have to ready for change by putting all our present comfort and habits. This stage is about to make ready ourselves and other before the change. By putting Unfreeze Lewins want to say following things: Its about to understand others that change is required and its an essential process. Change requires overcoming from failure and for achieving better things for organization. Stage 2: The second stage is called as Change or Transition, in this stage people start to change they have many doubts and fear in their mind relating to change which is going to be occurring, at this stage they need all support, in the form of learning training guiding and support that mistake are the part and elements of this stage. This stage is about: To make change by putting out all traditional and odd things To being prepare for change Providing support in the form of training, guiding in the processes of change Stage 3: The third stage is called as Refreeze: At this stage people starts to use to with the changes which occurs in second stage, they start believing in change, refreezing may be a slow process as transition rarely stop cleanly, but go more in fits and starts with a long tail of bits and pieces. There are good and bad things about this. The apparent signs of the refreeze are a steady organization chart, reliable job descriptions, and so on. The refreeze stage also wants to help people and the organization internalize or institutionalize the changes. This means making sure that the changes are used all the time; and that they are incorporated into everyday business. With a new logic of constancy, staff feel positive and happy with the fresh ways of working. Advantages of Lewins change model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It is a very simple and easy model to understand, by giving example of ice-cube Lewin;s very simply tried to understood this model. He puts three different stage to understand each stage like first stage unfreeze in which he try to understand about essentialness of changes, second stage changes in which people start to change towards new ideas, like policy procedure, rules and regulation, and third stage in which changes starts to give benefit. ii) Process for implementing change†¦ The Kotters introduce 8-steps process for implementing change Step One: Create Urgency For change to take place, it helps if the entire company really wants it. Develop a sense of urgency around the need for change. This may help you spark the initial motivation to get things moving. This isnt merely a matter of showing people poor sales figures or talking about enlarged rivalry. Open an honest and credible dialogue about whats happening in the marketplace and with your competition. If many people start talking about the change you propose, the urgency can build and feed on itself. What you can do: Classify possible fear, and expand scenarios viewing what could occur in the future. Look at opportunities that should be, or could be, oppressed. Start straightforward debate, and give energetic and realistic reasons to get people talking and thinking. Demand shore up from consumers, outside stakeholders and industry people to support your argument. Step Two: Form a Powerful Coalition Encourage people that change is essential. This may takes tough leadership and noticeable support from key people within your organization. Managing change isnt enough you have to lead it. In this step we can do following things Recognize the real leader in our organization. Work on team structure within your change coalition. To get know the different areas in which the team is weak, to find out the strength and its weakness.. Step Three: Create a Vision for Change In this stage, it is very essential to create a strong vision for change, to let people know why change is necessary, this is the process to about know what the benefits of change are, this clear vision will encourage them to prepare themselves for change In this step we have to do following things To make a clear and easy vision, to understand people the purpose of change To make a strategy for change. Step Four: Communicate the Vision Ones vision has been created its a essential to communicate that vision, means to watch out the plan, process and procedure properly working as per planning, things are going properly or not is the essential part of this process . We can do the following things in this step: Converse frequently about your change vision. Honestly and sincerely speak to peoples concerns and anxieties. Apply your vision to all aspects of operations from training to performance reviews. Tie everything back to the vision. Step Five: Remove Obstacles. In this step we have to identify the factors which are obstacles for change, to watch out all the activities in organization, to know whether things are going as plan or there is any barrier towards plan activity. Identify and reward people for making change happen. Recognize people who are resisting the change, and help them see whats needed. Take action to quickly remove barriers. Step Six: Create Short-term Wins Success motivates everyone, to make winning habits in staff, to make short term goal and try to achieve them first along with direction for long term goals To reward people for their achievement. To appreciate work To make weekly target instead of long term planning Step Seven: Build on the Change In this step we have to analyze the things, what went right and what went wrong in the process of change, to look after the area in which improvement is needed. After every win, examine what went correct and what requirements needed to improve. Set goals to continue construction on the impetus youve achieved. Keep thoughts fresh by bringing in new change agents and leaders for your change combination. Step Eight: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture Make persist efforts to make sure that the change is seen in each and every part of your organization. This will help give that change a solid place in your organizations culture. Consist of the change principles and ethics when hiring and training new staff. Publicly recognize key members of your original change coalition, and make sure the rest of the staff new and old remembers their contributions. Create plans to replace key leaders of change as they move on. This will help ensure that their legacy is not lost or forgotten. iii) Why people resist change†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1) Fear: The most important factor for which people resist change is fear, fear of unknown they dont know about changes, thats why they started to fear, for example if the labor company announce changes that now they will take more use of computers to improve their techniques it certainly creates fear on present employees who dont know how to use it and they start to resist about the changes. 2) Comfort: This is also one of the reason for which people resist change, because they do not want to leave their present comfort, they think that if change occurs than they have to work more hard for getting things done..for example if company announce that marketing department now have to achieve weekly sales target than certainly the present employees have to work more hard and hence they might resist it. 3)Lack of trust: This is one the reason people resist change, if people havent trust or faith on changes or idea than they start to resist changes, for example if the employees of the company do not have trust on their manager capability than they create doubts on employee mind and hence they do not trust him. 4) Dont know about changes: one of the reason people resists changes because people dont know about changes, they dont know about their importance, they dont know how they going to benefit them, they have not any kind of idea regarding to changes, for example †¦.if company announce incentive system for their employees instead of fixed salary than employee start to oppose it even they have a chances to get benefited by high incentive system, all these because of lack of knowledge. 5) Dont trust on their capabilities: This is one of the reason why people resist changes because they have doubts on their capabilities, they dont think that they will able to make adjustment. IV. I recommended Lewins change model is best to use for a change management model because of its simple description, by giving example in three stages Lewins very simply described about his three stage change model, the three stage process includes unfreeze, change, and refreeze. http://www.mindtools.com/media/Diagrams/Lewin.gif Reason for recommendation of above model: As we can see in diagram the lewins very simply gave example based on ice about three stage change†¦.figure one described as a unfreeze in which there is a picture of large ice cube by which Lewins try to say at first stage people are very use to their routine works and very happy to do work with their old and traditional techniques, even though if they know this techniques is not very useful or worthless for goodwill of the company, but as they very use to with that method of work they denied change, for example if a patient of village very use to with homeopathy and naturopathy treatment which is referred by doctor at old times than certainly that patient denied to do surgery and operation for his illness which was recommend by doctor at modern times so its hard to convince them about the benefit of latest technology of health improvement same the case applies here, in this stage the task is to convince people of change them and to tur n them to modern techniques which can be beneficial and useful to them. The second figure show that the large ice-cube turns to round shaped ice-cube, which change its shape, by this Lewins tried to say in this stage that this stage is about change, change from rigid structure towards the new one as we can see in the figure that ice-cube change its shape to round structure, so that people start to change themselves and have to come out with adapting new ideas, knowledge, and techniques which would be more beneficial and successful for both for organization and also for themselves. To start adopting new ideas ,and technology of work by coming out from old ones , like for example the company make change in their timing to start their work from 10 clock to early 8pm so that employee get more time to done their task and can achieve high incentive , which is profitable to both employees and the company as well but at a certain period of time employee also have to be aware of benefit from the situation otherwise it will create doubts on their mind regarding to changes like they have work more hard in lesser wages so might they dont prefer it, at this time they require more proper guidance, knowledge and training regarding to changes so this change can be worth full for the company, at this time people are learning new things and adapting new ways in their work so they require all the support , training from their supervisor. The third figure shows the stability from the 3rd figure we can see the steady ice-triangle by which Lewins try to show the refreeze model, means once the change has been made in second stage now the people accepted those changes as per their new routines and norm now they started to accept that changes as per their daily routine work for example they start to find them comfortable with the new timings , new incentive base system, new product and procedure of the company, things are going easily for them as they know what to do , so the task is to fellow this procedure and practice properly for easy going. Advantages and disadvantages of this model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Lewins change model is very simple and easy to understand, its shown in three simple stages, so the company till using this model. In unfreeze process Lewin,s show that company needs changes, which can be done by Motivating employee towards the change, which called sense of urgency towards change, it use Simple language. Role of leader in particular change model: The leader must have to make afford to motivate his employee towards new changes The leadership must adopt training and guiding process for employee in order to get them ready for change. They have to create an appropriate plan and to work upon that, like for example if they want to increase their sale than they have to work upon marketing and advertising skills so that they can achieve their sales target. Once the change has been made leader has use his techniques and qualities like providing training and guiding to their employee, so they can work well. Change strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The following steps are to be taken for change strategies Recruitment on the basis of qualification, for example if someone need in marketing sector than the guys must be take on the qualification base on marketing, the person who has marketing subject or degree on it, if needs in administration than prefer more to MBA student so this can create specialization which is good for a company. Use of the techniques which is essential for company , like if there is more administration work than there should more computer place in the company so that work flow can go easy and good To develop training programs for their new employee, to know about the company well to be aware of all its process and procedure so when they start their real work they dont feel unnecessary burden on them. Interview system, to modify it so that right people can select for right position, like for example if person have to select for account position than interview must conduct on accounting basis instead of testing his or her general knowledge.

German Expressionism and Its Roots :: essays papers

German Expressionism and Its Roots Personal freedom and alternative thinking -- these were the conditions in Weimar Republic Germany during the heyday of the Expressionist movement in film. Spanning the years 1909-1924, theirs was a time of revolution (in Russia and Germany), war (World War I), and reaction (the rise of National Socialism in Germany). Anxious about the disintegration of their culture, filmmakers such as F.W. Murnau, Robert Wiene, and Ernst Lubitsch used cinema to create new forms of visual representation, exploring the possibility of reversing power relations through the look. The cinematic Expressionist movement in Germany is generally considered to be the classic period of German cinema; many Expressionist works are included in the canon of the world’s greatest films. From Lubitsch’s masterpieces â€Å"Passion† (1919) and â€Å"Deception† (1920), through Wiene’s famous â€Å"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari† (1919), to Murnau’s brilliant â€Å"The Last Laugh† (1924) and â€Å"Nosferatu† (1922), there has rarely been a movement of such consistent inspiration and achievement. Expressionism in cinema, as in the other arts, attempts to â€Å"reappropriate an alienated universe by transforming it into a private, personal vision.† With that in mind, Expressionist cinema tried to deepen the audience’s interaction with the film, combining technology and imaginative filming techniques in order to intensify the illusion of reality. The Expressionists practically reinvented the look of film with innovative and unusual editing rhythms, perspectivally distorted sets, exaggerated gestures, and the famous â€Å"camera unchained† -- a new technique that allowed the camera to move within the scene, vastly increasing the accessibility of the character’s subjective point of view. The Expressionists developed new habits of seeing,

The Essence of Being Women and Native.

When human beings are uprooted from their ancestral lineage, their work, social relationships, marriage, parenting, and rellglon change. The breakage occurs not only at social and economic level, but internal as well, because of an immense effort made to overcome a strong internal crisis. In general native women used to enjoy great influence and respect from their community.The transformations native woman from Huron and Ojibwa experienced impacted them deeply, and their lives were rastically altered by the coming of European settlers with the new ways to be considered by white people, they be converted in secretive person for a lengthy time. Despite of this, as a consequence of this in recent years, native women raised their voices to be recognized as part of a tradition that deserved to be respected.According to Castellano, the village of Huron native women are organized on a clan membership and It recognizes the social status from female who play a very important role Into the com munity, such us parenting, collecting and preparing food, lanting crops and selling It, also the participated In polltlcal activities, because men went away to hunt, fight or make another actlvltles.Woman life was highly regarded for its capacity to give birth and help community survive without presence of men. On the other hand, the native Ojibwa people were hunter – gatherers, which meant that women also had an important role in the development of its economy; they were doing all the domestic work, weaving fishing nets, harvesting rice, making fur clothing. A significant issue is that Ojibwa Shaman was a highly regarded woman; because of community saw her as a warrior.Therefore, is not difficult to understand when Castellano said, that when European settlers introduced new standards of living to the communities, the greatest impact was on women; they were stripped out of their traditions and Identity, which consequently led them to withdraw from social life for a long perio d of time. They used to spend time on common tasks In Isolation In order to avoid being Judged on unknown for them parameters.So, women native raise their voice to open spaces of dialogue that allow them to preserve the essence of their identity by finding new ways to combine their own tradition with the elements of the new environment. The exhibition of native art and teaching is being a significant contribution to the achievement of it. To conclude, since the beginning of humanity it had to co-exist with the colonization from â€Å"others†, which caused the loss of traditions, lineages, and established ways of developing the society; it also aused tremendous suffering to the native communities, in their identity loss.Likewise, in the '80s a great numbers of communities were destroyed inside the country Peru by Sendero Luminoso a terrorist group, one example is the thousands of women forced to move to different cities of the country In search of security and hope, but on arr ival were forced to adapt In environments where they were discriminated against battered unable to find space to continue their tradltlons or develop tnelr skills, wnlcn were commonly working tne land, anlmal nusDanary, aising the family.The traditions handed down for generations from mother to daughter were destroyed. Today many of these traditions have been lost by the inability of local governments to create spaces of dialogue and openness to other forms of society. Every native community has its particularities that incidence with the location of the community, climate, and distribution of roles that are developed through generations, which makes them unique, unrepeatable that deserves to be respected and recognized as any other society.

Click Beetles, Family Elateridae

Click Beetles, Family Elateridae Click beetles, as you might suspect, are named for the clicking sound they produce. These entertaining beetles belong to the family Elateridae. Description: Click beetles are usually black or brown, with some species bearing red or yellow markings. Most fall within the 12-30 mm range in length, though a few species can be considerably longer. Theyre easiest to recognize by shape: elongate, parallel-sided, with rounded front and hind ends. A click beetles pronotum has pointed or spiny extensions at the posterior corners, which fit snugly around the elytra. The antennae are almost always serrate in form, though some may be filiform or pectinate. Click beetle larvae are often called wireworms. Theyre slender and long, with shiny, tough segmented bodies. Wireworms can be differentiated from mealworms (darkling beetle larvae) by examining the mouthparts. In the Elateridae, the larval mouthparts face forward. The eyed click beetle, Alaus oculatus, bears two enormous false eyespots on its pronotum, most likely to deter predators. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – ColeopteraFamily - Elateridae Diet: Adult click beetles feed on plants. Most larvae also feed on plants, but they tend to prefer newly planted seeds or plant roots, making them a pest of agricultural crops. Some click beetle larvae inhabit decomposing logs, where they hunt other insects. Life Cycle: Like all beetles, members of the family Elateridae undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Females usually deposit eggs in the soil around the base of host plants. Pupation occurs in the soil or under bark, or in some species in rotting wood. Overwintering occurs in the larval and adult stages. Special Adaptations and Defenses: When stranded on its back, a click beetle has an unusual way of righting itself to flee from danger. The juncture between the prothorax and mesothorax is flexible, enabling the click beetle to do a backbend of sorts. This movement allows a special peg, called the prosternal spine, to fit into a catch or hold between the middle pair of legs. Once the peg is secured in the hold, the click beetle suddenly straightens out its body, and the peg slips into a mesosternal groove with a loud click. This motion hurls the beetle into the air at a speed of roughly 8 feet per second! Some species in the tropics have a special light organ which they use to communicate with potential mates. The click beetles light burns much brighter than that of its cousin, the firefly. Range and Distribution: Click beetles live throughout the world, in nearly every terrestrial habitat except for the most extreme montane and arctic environments. Scientists have described over 10,000 species, including almost 1,000 in North America. Sources: Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallBorror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonFamily Elateridae - Click Beetles, Bugguide.net. Accessed online June 4, 2012.Elateridae, South Dakota State University. Accessed online June 4, 2012.BioKIDS - Kids Inquiry of Diverse Species, Critter Catalog, Elateridae, click beetles. Accessed online June 4, 2012.

Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation Essays - Free Essays

Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation Essays - Free Essays Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation Antoinette Glover, Chad Loveland, Kristopher Watkins, Mark Strout, Walter Douglas MGT/448 December 14, 2015 Dr. Ken Cromer Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation Region Analysis oRegional alliances and economic integration The South Asian Association for regional Cooperation (SAARC) The South Asian region is the least integrated economic region of the world in spite of having enormous physical resources and 22% of the global population. oPhysical Environment and its effect on trade Close to Africa and Russia where majority of diamonds are mined. Easy access to ports, ocean shipping. Most of the country is on the Indian Ocean oPolitical Stability Past 13 years political stability Longest serving prime minister Future is not so bright No party will get enough votes to be in power leaving third and fourth parties to make laws oEconomic Conditions Memorandum of Understanding with Russia Russia largest rough diamond producer Special zones for tax benefits for diamond importing and trading. Development of large retailers in the country to further business. oFinance options available International Financing Institutions (IFI) U. S. Small Business Administration (SBA) export programs Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) Export trade financing oSocial, health, and environmental conditions Social conditioning is vast, but they are generally categorized as social patterns and social structures including nationalism, education, employment, entertainment, popular culture, religion, spirituality and family life. Health condition is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. oTerrorism threats Concerns with the withdrawal of NATO troops from Afghanistan of increased activity (Deccan Herald, 2014). India situated just south of the terrorist hot beds of the region. Concerns of increased piracy activity in the Indian Ocean are affecting trade routes (Townsend, 2015). Country Analysis oPolitical stability The current administration feels that India is a strong partner in the region and the US supports India in a mutual trade agreement (U.S. Department of State, n.d) Follows a similar Government structure as the US (Democracy), slightly different on the state level. The United States and India appear to have a good relationship with several mutual interests. oEconomic conditions India is the largest trading partner with the United States. Including diamonds, gold, pharmaceutical and agricultural products (U.S. Department of State, n.d.). For 2015, India should emerge as the fastest growing economy. GPD growth rate at 7.5% (IBEF, 2015). Ranks seventh globally with its GDP. oFinance options available One possible option considering Indias growth rate is Sovereign Debt. Another option would be to create a Mutual Fund. oPhysical environment and its effect on trade Commercial law based on British common law, same as US (Maginness, 2006). English is a fairly common language among professional class. Wages are low oSocial, health, and environmental conditions Social conditioning is vast, but they are generally categorized as social patterns and social structures including nationalism, education, employment, entertainment, popular culture, religion, spirituality and family life. Health condition is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. oCultural considerations Changing set of practices that are in dialogue with the past as it has been registered through texts, images, buildings, documents, stories, myths. Organization and product or service analysis oDescription of your organization Precious Stones Inc. Manufacturer of high end precious stones. oProduct needs assessment of the target country What is accessible? How hard is it to penetrate market? oDescription of product to meet the need Providing high end precious stones to jewelers at lowest cost possible. Ensuring highest possible level of quality and craftsmanship. References Amin, Dr. K. (2004). South Asia Regional Integration. Retrieved from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/26/000012009_20060526112721/Rendered/PDF/362440PK0rev0Country0note01PUBLIC1.pdf Deccan Herald. (2014). Retrieved from deccanherald.com/content/431772/south-asia-faces-threats-terrorism.html How to Find Financing for an Overseas Venture. (2015). Retrieved from http://businessfinancemag.com/treasury/how-find-financing-overseas-venture ibef.org/industry/gems-jewellery-india.aspx breakingviews.com/india-braces-for-last-year-of-political-stability/21060275.article https://www.dnb.co.in/IndianGemsandJewellerySector/Overview.asp IBEF: Indian Economy Overview. (2015). Retrieved from ibef.org/economy/indian-economy-overview Maginness, C. (2006, May). China or India- Pros and Cons of doing business in one or the other. Going Global, (), . Retrieved from exinglobal.typepad.com/going_global/2006/05/china_or_india_.html Townsend, S. (2015). Arabian Business.com. Retrieved from arabianbusiness.com/experts-warn-of-pirate-attacks-as-indian-ocean-security-level-is-reduced-614085.html U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Retrieved from state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 39

Assignment Example Under the center part of the floor where will be a series of longitudinal beams, each 18 feett long, at 6 feet 6 inches center-to-center distance. The transverse beams will be connected to pairs of columns in the North-South direction. The longitudinal beams will be placed on top of the columns in the East-West direction. The roof will be built using a series of sheets that will be placed on top of the longitudinal beams to enclose the structure. To prepare the ground for the centre, approximately 650 cubic yards of earth excavation and landscaping will needed to for the floor slab, test pool (see below), and foundations, and to reconstruct the parking lot embankment. It is expected that a backhoe loader will be used to load a truck that will move all soil and any other water material encountered during construction. Access to the proposed Center will be through a pair of large double-doors on the East side, each 15 feet wide and 10 feet high, and two pairs of double-doors on North side, each 8 feet wide and 7 feet high. There will be two key internal features. Firstly, there will be a Construction Laboratory (or workshop) for the concrete canoes, situated at the West end of the proposed Center, which will include overhead storage racks. The interior drywall for this facility is to be estimated and constructed at a later date. Secondly, there will be a Test Pool for the concrete canoes, whose internal dimensions will be : depth 6 feet, width 10 feet, length 100 feet a further 800 cubic feet of reinforced concrete will be required This will require a further 6000 cubic feet (23 cubic yards) of excavation, which will needed to the accounted for as part of the Estimates presented below. The Test Pool will a rectangular trough shape with 1 foot wall and floor thicknesses. The Test Pool will positioned approximately centered in and underneath the floor slab. A water filter and pump

Organization theory and structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization theory and structure - Essay Example Some factors that influence organizational structure are size, the products, skills and talents found in the organization and most structures will mainly be based on these factors. Different theories have been placed forth about why different organizations have the structures they do. According to Abraham Maslow, organizational structures mainly depend on their needs. In his works he clearly places these needs in a hierarchy system where the satisfaction of one level of needs leads to the organization striving to fulfill the other levels of needs of the organization. These needs, in order of priority are; physiological needs such as food and shelter, safety needs such as safety in the environment, social needs like love and friendship, esteem needs like self respect and status and at the top of the hierarchy is self actualization which is actually reaching one's full potential. A good organizational structure should be one that aids in fulfilling these needs among employees in the organization in order to maximize output. Herzberg insists that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction while extrinsic factors lead to job dissatisfaction. The structure a nd job environment that is positive creates interactions leading to self-esteem that improves quality of work. He insists that factors such as recognition, responsibility, the work itself makes up for some of the motivators creating job satisfaction. The factors that lead to dissatisfaction are supervision, company policy, salary, relationship with peers and subordinates. It is therefore paramount that the organizational structure supports job satisfaction and reduces incidences of job dissatisfaction. An organization should set up a structure that makes employees feel satisfied with their jobs, so that a job is not a task. Frederick Winslow insists on scientific management. His theory puts forth the idea that management of an organization, which largely depends on the structure, can be scientific. This insinuates that it can be put down to an exact science, where the tried and tested ways after years of observation are sure and true to succeed. The four step process is-develop a sc ience for each element of the individuals work, heartily cooperate with workers so as to ensure all work is done and done properly with no grudges or ill feelings, divide work equally between management and workers instead of the old methods where workers would labor while the management did much lesser work and that management should take the work that it's better suited than the workers in order to have a balanced work environment. A good structure should incorporate some if not all of these in order to reach goals, make workers happy and the management satisfied with the output. All these management theories lead to different organizational structures depending on what works best for the organization. Though some theories put forward have been disputed or declared obsolete, this has not meant that some proposed points are not accommodated and incorporated in the making of organizational structures in today's business world. Some of these include matrix method, flat, centralized o r decentralized structure, tall [traditional] structure] and many more (Learning Management2.com 2008). Small to medium sized organizations mostly have the functional and tall structure. This is where there is a clear