Need of the Study Essay

It is rightly said plastic money is need of the hour. People are using these cards on a vast scale. But after considering the material available on the subject, it is seen that the whole payment process of processing these cards†¦ Introduction Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context.[1][2][3] The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, perhaps, a standard of deferred payment.[4][5] Any item or verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered money. Money is historically an emergent market phenomenon establishing a commodity money, but nearly all contemporary money systems are based on fiat money.[4] Fiat money, like any check or note of debt, is without intrinsic use value as a physical commodity. It derives its value by being declared by a government to be legal tender; that is, it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for â€Å"all debts, public and private†.[citation needed] Such laws in practice cause fiat money to acquire the value of any of the goods and services that it may be traded for within the nation that issues it. The money supply of a country consists of currency (banknotes and coins) and usually includes bank money (the balance held in checking accounts and savings accounts). Bank money, which consists only of records (mostly computerized in modern banking), forms by far the largest part of broad money in developed countries.[6][7][8]

Learning differences in a given learning environment Essay

Learning differences in a given learning environment - Essay Example Debates exist on whether it is the parental or teacher responsibility to effectively educate all these differences in student learning. Teacher's expectations/stereotypes whether conscious or subconscious may serve to either support all these learning differences in a mutual learning environment or may advantage some to the disadvantage of others. According to the theory of critical pedagogy which attempts to tailor the educational environment according to students' lived experiences, most educators do not consciously attempt to disadvantage students who come with non-dominant cultural, economic, ability differences yet since all of these students are located within a dominant culture they may or may not receive the proper attention required. Due to dominant curriculum content/narratives and norms of thinking which serve to stream non-dominant students into lower learning tracks and socializes them as such, many students fall between the cracks of the educational system and do not ge t their full learning potential realized. According to several critical pedagogical theorists the role of most schools is one in which the values of society with all its inequities are reproduced. Instead of focusing on the Zone of Proximal Development as described by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1962) and Giroux (1998) teachers simply do not have all the knowledge base resources available nor the financial incentive to pay due attention to these important factors. Although working in the same time frame as Piaget, Vygotsky focused on cultural influences on cognitive stages of development in thinking (Santrock, 2008; Vygotsky, 1962; 1978). For Vygotsky culture specifies what to think, how to think and the means by which individuals think. For this reason, language is considered by him to be an essential element in the learning process since it represents the means by which the adult guides the child through the learning process (Santrock, 2008; Vygotsky, 1962). This illustrates that students who have a second or third language that they are exposed to at home learn differently than those exposed to English only. Since language is the primary means, according to Vygotsky, of intellectual transformation then language has a direct impact on learning. Children use internal speech and imitate their parents' speech so they start teaching themselves through the use of this self-talk. Development according to Vygotsky, means that children gradually become adapted through language to their cultural background and effectively to the learning environment. This theory otherwise known the sociocultural or social cognitive approach illustrates the importance of culture and language in the learning process. Teachers who address language and cultural differences in their teaching by recognizing and effectively including these understandings within learning are being effective educators (Santrock, 2008; Vygotsky, 1962; 1978). Another important factor is the role of socio-economic backgrounds. According to Giroux (1998) schools should do more than simply replicate the stratification existing in society by emphasizing values of competition, individualism, and intellectual consumerism. Instead schools can and should promote a sense of democratic community for teachers and students (Giroux & Schmidt, 2004). This inevitably means

Learned Lessons from Completing the Project on Royal Tires & More Assignment

Learned Lessons from Completing the Project on Royal Tires & More Systems Upgrade - Assignment Example While completing the project it was evident that it involved change and therefore, it meant that the project manager was equally tasked with change management of which according to the writings by Marshak (2005), the project managers or managers’ in-charge of a change programme are also required to manage people as part of their roles. Being that the project manager did not have any background knowledge on human resource management there were few cases whereby some employees of the company showed resistance to the implementation of the project because of fear of job loss due to the system upgrade that seemingly made some of them redundant. Part of the lesson that the project manager learned from the resistance that was attributed to change, was that he should adopt a humanistic approach to projects that involve change. The humanistic approach according to Kotter (2011) is built on the premise that there has to be an interpersonal relationship between managers and employees, an d therefore managers have to consider the opinions or views of every party affected by the change. Secondly, while completing the project another key lesson that was learned is that the project budget is highly prone to changes that are beyond the control of the project manager. These changes are attributed to economic factors that are external and they may cause an influx of the budget beyond the original estimates or they may cause a reduction in the original estimates of the project budget. The first lesson that was learned while completing the project was that projects that involves change, should be integrated change or people management to eradicate cases of resistance from employees.  

A firm analyzed by principles of microeconomics Research Paper

A firm analyzed by principles of microeconomics - Research Paper Example ixed and variable), the potential for technology to change cost, market failure , the government role on externalities and the existing government policies in connection to microeconomic theory. The Market Structure, Market Power, the Cost of Structure and Competition Wal-Mart Stores Inc. has an oligopoly market structure unlike other retailers all over the world that have monopolistic market structure. Nevertheless, the research shows that Wal-Mart Stores also has a monopolistic competition market structure due to the fact that the number of retailers that they have to deal with is too high. It was first opened by Sam Walton in the year 1962 as a discount store. Being the largest chain store in the US, its success has been as a result of the ability of Sam Walton to establish a basic structure meant for their private business ecosystem thus changing the market structure over time. The business has 40-50 departments and the Store Manager is the top store position. Each store has many Assistance Managers who are also the first to be paid salaries in the organization (Bianco 63). Wal-Mart Stores is also divided in to 41 regions managed by regional Vice President, 6 of them being Sam’s Club regions. Walton had a reasonable conclusion, the conclusion was that by offering many brands that are well known and selling the products at a lower price of about 15% as compared to other retailers, the business would be more powerful in the area of retailing. Wal-Mart made a wise decision of establishing more of its branches on the rural areas and in small towns instead of settling their business only in the large cities. This was mainly done to attract people from the suburbs where there was a lot of money unlike other large scale retailers who only concentrated in large towns. The new system worked well for them since they were able to attract many people from the towns to their premises. In not more than three decades since the business was established, it had made a big step forward because it rose from a single and small discount store to become the largest retailer shop in the whole country of US (Bianco 63). Currently, Wal-Mart Stores runs the largest retailer shops in the whole world with over 2500 branches in US alone. One of the principles of microeconomics states that â€Å"Rational people think at the margin†. According to the economists, people who are rational usually do their best to achieve their goals and objectives when they have the opportunity. Sam Walton borrowed this idea when he made a decision of lowering the price of the products sold by Wal-Mart Store so as to reach a wider market and serve many customers (Lichtenstein 98). Nature of the Demand, the Shape of Demand Curve and Consumer Setting Demand is the total amount of goods and services that a given consumer is able and willing to buy in a certain period of time at various prices. The demand curve is the price-quantity relationship that is normally represented on a graph, the price being on the Y axis while quantity on the X axis. In terms of supply and demand curve, the demand for the goods provided by the Wal-Matt increases as the economy weakens. This is because the consumers continue to demand for goods that are cheap as the currency value weakens

Barilla SpA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barilla SpA - Case Study Example Barilla SpA Case Study As seen with Barilla, the variability can be caused by several issues. To begin with, lack of sharing information and visibility in the supply chain is among the reasons. Also, unexpected delays in supply of products to the distributors and an inability to adapt to events as they happen in real time are among the issues that resulted to variability in the Barillas supply chain. While it is expedient to diversify on products a company deals with, this, as seen with Barilla, might come at a cost. The company produces a total of 200 varieties of pasta and has a large variety of packaging that amounts to 470. Moreover, it has a very long setup line, approximately 10 days. To avoid conflict between players of the supply chain, Barilla has to put some measures in place. It has to be ensured that, Just-In –Time-Distribution (JITD) is implemented, this is to enhance order fulfillment. More importantly, Barilla needs to base its production on predictions in demand other than on orders. Additionally, the company has to collect information on demand and put it to use. Lastly, to avoid stress in the retailer’s end, Barilla has to notify the distributors first in case there is the need for additional inventories in the store. The store, also, has to ensure that the arrival of merchandise on shelves is timely. Transferring demand information across the store is imperative in ensuring that there are no fluctuations in demand.

Business Management Affairs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Management Affairs - Coursework Example For the purposes of consistency and avoidance of double standards, a single choice of the contract law becomes necessary for Simon. Contents of a contract under English law A legally binding contract under the English law contains various elements stipulating the terms of the contract. In the English contract law, three essential elements ought to be present for any contract to be considered legally binding. A promise ought to be made to a person. This can be identified as the beginning point of a legally binding contract. In this section, the promise becomes a determining factor for any arising legal obligations. The promises form the condition under which contracts become actualized. Promises under the English law do not always come with a legal obligation. The agreements involving payments upon performance of a duty can be identified to contain legal obligations. The making of a promise can be regarded as the intention to create a binding agreement pertaining to a specified duty. The promise only states a limited level of information regarding the offer being made. This element shall be essential in the project Simons is undertaking at the recruitment stage for the judges. The promise made can either be providing legal obligations or not. The second phase of English contract law involves identifying the duties arising from the contract. The English contract law makes a distinguishing characterization between the duties arising. Here, the two categories are bilateral and unilateral contracts. While the English law makes this categorization, the common law does not categorize different contracts (Keenan and Riches, 2011). In the English law, unilateral contracts give legal obligations to only one of the contracting parties. The bilateral contracts, on the other hand, provide legal obligations to both parties. Unilateral contracts cannot be used in the case of Simons as they will not give an obligation to the judges. This phase of the contract law can be define d as the beginning of the formal legal contract. Upon agreement, the parties can consider themselves to have gotten into a contract. The last phase of the English contract law lays down the remedies for breaching of contracts. This also stipulates the system to be employed when seeking remedies to contract breach. Under the English law, two methods of seeking remedy exist. While the main difference between the two lies in the courts administering the remedy, the remedies continue to be administered by the same courts. The English law defines the remedies can be administered by either the king’s bench of the chancery courts. These courts shall be used in the administration of remedies for the contracts between the judges and Simons’ company. Requirements of the contract The Simons TV production company needs to draw contracts adhering to the English contracting laws. This becomes essential for the company in avoiding law suits outside the United Kingdom courtrooms. The company needs to ensure adherence to these prevailing contracting laws of England. The company shall solicit the services of any qualified candidates deemed to fit to perform the functions of adjudication. In accordance to the English law, the TV production company shall make the promise to the proposed judges. The company can make use of both

In the practicalities of arranging a syndicated loan a lead bank has Essay

In the practicalities of arranging a syndicated loan a lead bank has clear functions but its legal position and responsibilities are both potentially very ambiguous Discuss - Essay Example It follows from this that the legal responsibilities of the lead bank is very important as it represents an important link between the syndicate and their individual relationships with the borrower.2 Even so, the lead bank’s legal position is ambiguous since it coordinates what can amount to conflicting obligations between the syndicate and the borrower. This paper examines the legal position and the responsibilities of the lead bank in arranging a syndicated loan and explains how both can be ambiguous. A syndicated loan is a multi-bank financing mechanism where a number of banks conjoin to advance a loan to a borrower based on a â€Å"single loan agreement.3 The legal complexity of this arrangement is explained by Mugasha as follows: â€Å"...the agreement is executed by more than one bank and there is privity of contract between the borrower and each of the banks. Legally, each of the banks has a separate contract with the borrower, even though for convenience, the separate contracts are printed in one document.†4 In a typical case, a borrower requires a loan which a single bank is either unwilling or unable to advance. It could be that the loan required is large and the bank approached is not prepared to accept the risk for the entire amount.5 In any case, the reluctance of a single bank to advance a loan often gives way to a syndicated loan or a â€Å"multi-bank loan arrangement† in which at least two banks advance loans to a single borrower â€Å"on common terms based on a single document.†6 Despite the single document, each bank has a separate agreement with the borrower.7 The result is, the obligation of the individual banks involved in the syndicate loan is several rather than joint.8 The lead bank’s legal position and responsibilities with respect to the syndicated loan arrangements is divided into two intricately connected participatory roles. First and foremost, the lead bank, which is usually the bank